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On the other hand, eugenic aspects that formed the axis of his hygienic efforts have not been analyzed. The idea of hygiene in a socio-medical Prostitutes Slavonski Brod came to life at the end of the 18th century. Such a belief led to an attitude that every change that improves survival is, in a sense, valuable and good.

Morality is not given once and for all, it is not eternal and Prostitutes Slavonski Brod, but rather changes as the man changes.

The attitude that egoism plays a role in morality could not be derived from Christian teachings; however, this attitude was common to many authors at the turn of the 20th century who considered Darwinism as a foundation of ethics. Moral rules were thus considered to be inherited, serving only as Prostitutes Slavonski Brod instrument of survival.

Such a belief led to an attitude that every change that improves survival is, in a sense, valuable and good.

One Prostitutes Slavonski Brod the scientists with a similar attitude to that of Gundrum's was Ernst Haeckel. Sexual hygiene was thus associated with heredity, and heredity was associated with Prostitutes Slavonski Brod. A man had to protect himself from sexually transmitted diseases and irresponsible behavior or else he would ruin himself, his children, and eventually the whole nation and state.

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The Prostitutes Slavonski Brod of the nation and state would be an inevitable consequence of irresponsible behavior of individuals and of a society that omitted to sanction such a behavior, because the selection mechanism benefits the stronger and destroys the weaker. Since all these processes were thought to be inherited, and science the only way to investigate the mechanisms and consequences of heredity, it followed that science also determined the fortune or misfortune of people.

Regulations on what was considered a moral behavior could not be prescribed any longer by a non-natural authority, but only and exclusively by science. Since science could not lie, what it claimed to be Prostitutes Slavonski Brod had to become a new behavioral criterion.

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Only science could provide guidelines for behavior that led to fortune and progress of the society as a whole. The society, thus, turned out to be an entity whose survival and development was given more importance than individual rights, and the moment when the threat to the society was interpreted as large enough, the society had the right Prostitutes Slavonski Brod protect itself.

In his practice, Gundrum saw a large number of cases of sexually transmitted diseases and gave a lot Prostitutes Slavonski Brod thought to how to eradicate them.

While he was working as a town physician, in he started a project of collecting statistics on prostitutes in Croatia and Slavonia in 81 administrative districts Figure 3. Gundrum also gave a lecture based on the results of this project at the General Meeting of the Medical Association of the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia.

The project material prompted him to revise extensively the first edition of Sexual Health Care, dedicating the largest portion of the book to prostitution. This was the first study and the first publication on the topic of prostitution in Croatia. He reasoned that prostitution brings about debauchery and leads to spreading of venereal diseases. He also believed that detailed and multifaceted statistical research on the problem will reveal the laws that govern this phenomenon, which will enable the society to reduce the negative impact of prostitution.

His survey included questions on prostitutes' age, religion, ethnicity, sexual diseases, reasons for choosing the profession, and many others. Statement on Prostitutes in Croatian: Iskaz o bludnicama. His research is not only a scientific study, but also a sort of a cross-sectional review of the ideas of several European authorities in the field of sexuality.

It should be noted, for example, that Gundrum had a very different attitude from that Prostitutes Slavonski Brod Cesare LombrosoItalian psychiatrist whose work on antisocial personality typology, which would be abandoned and discarded later on, still attracted a lot of interest at Prostitutes Slavonski Brod time.

Lombroso considered prostitutes equivalent to criminals and Prostitutes Slavonski Brod that prostitution was a hereditary disease. He also believed that prostitutes could be recognized by physical and psychological flaws. It was clear to Gundrum that a large percentage of prostitutes were in the profession out of economic necessity Prostitutes Slavonski Brod due to neglect in childhood, as indicated by his survey. He obviously did not accept Prostitutes Slavonski Brod attitudes of Lombroso, who compared prostitutes to criminals, but instead took a more moderate approach.

However, he could not completely resist the idea of an intrinsic predisposition, and the scientific method he used did not convince him otherwise. Of prostitutes who made the core sample, as many as 40 declared they had become prostitutes Prostitutes Slavonski Brod of the will for lechery, 7 listed pleasure and love for lechery, 25 stated that they liked it, and 35 listed lust 29 Figure 4.

Based on the replies from half of the subjects, he concluded there was an endogenous cause responsible for their behavioral disorder. Nevertheless, this does not mean that they are predetermined to become prostitutes, although it definitely makes them prone to a less stable life.

Their nature is riddled with a certain inconstancy; moral, social and other notions have no foothold there. Degeneracy is sometimes manifested in immediate disease, such as severe hysteria or feeblemindedness.

Cramps, headache, alcoholism, proneness to fancies, daydreaming and other purposeless practices. Responses to survey question on the reasons for becoming prostitutes. Whether it was that a girl became a prostitute because of poor upbringing in the early childhood — in majority of cases — or because of the inherited behavioral instability — in minority of cases — neither factor alone could have had such a strong influence, so Gundrum considered social circumstances eg, poverty to have an effect on both factors.

Thereby, he developed his own theory, according to which, contrary to Lombroso, no prostitute was born as such. However, it is interesting to note that Gundrum classified a possible heredity of inclination toward prostitution together with Prostitutes Slavonski Brod stereotypical characteristics of congenital defects, which shows how deeply he was influenced by theories of his time and how much he owed to Lombroso, despite their differences in opinion.

Despite his opinions and the fact that he considered prostitution to be evil, Gundrum did not condemn prostitutes. He was equally critical toward Prostitutes Slavonski Brod who supported prostitution, and especially toward economic system in which young women sometimes Prostitutes Slavonski Brod no other Prostitutes Slavonski Brod but to become prostitutes Whichever of these two main causes of prostitution was crucial in individual cases, it did not mean that nothing could be done about prostitution.

He suggested to brothel managers to use a method he himself had successfully applied in Bulgaria, ie, to write on a board the numbers of rooms and names of prostitutes along with Prostitutes Slavonski Brod results of their examination. If a prostitute had her period, he suggested it also should be posted on the board.

In addition, Gundrum suggested reeducation of underage prostitutes, sanctioning women trafficking, reporting sexually transmitted diseases, and mandatory treatment of Prostitutes Slavonski Brod transmitted diseases. The decisive role in these actions had to be played by the state, which had a free hand to put prostitution under control by systematic and thorough implementation of public health and preventative measures. On Banishment of Criminals Figure 5 contains a discussion about healthy and sick criminals, which gradually turns into a discussion about the degenerate Although there is no clear definition of a healthy criminal, we can assume that it refers to personalities who cannot tell the difference between good and evil, although they do not have a psychiatric diagnosis.

For such cases, Gundrum suggests either deportation, if the country is big enough or has colonies, or incarceration, if the country is small. On the other hand, there are also sick criminals, whose criminality is caused by a mental disease. The degenerate are, according to Gundrum, all those who have any congenital defect that interferes with survival. Obviously, Gundrum included both sick and healthy criminals among the degenerate, along with all other degenerate individuals who suffered from congenital defects.

It is important to notice that the attribute healthy was for Gundrum a conditional category and applied to those who did not have a predisposing psychopathology for their condition; it did not mean that they were healthy in the absolute sense of the word.

Gundrum thought that there was a predisposing factor responsible for incorrigible, corrupt morality even in a healthy criminal. Consequently, he believed that castration of incorrigible criminals and rapists was a method that promised a solution to the problem of criminality Castration, of course, would have made no sense if Gundrum had not assumed that criminal behavior was determined by heredity. Since, thereby, all criminals belonged to the same group as the degenerate, they were all potential candidates for eugenic measures.

Gundrum obviously thought that good intentions had no place in objective medical profession and that society rather than the Prostitutes Slavonski Brod deserved empathy. Gundrum extended his debate with Lombroso to the subject of criminality. After excluding simulants and patients with no diagnosable mental disorders, he found that only 8 had committed a crime in the Prostitutes Slavonski Brod of unsound mind. I have never intended to claim that all other criminals — of them — were unconditionally and absolutely mentally healthy; only that they showed no signs Prostitutes Slavonski Brod would justify the conclusion that they had a mental disorder In other words, the nature of hereditary burden in their case was not psychiatric, but moral.

In this case too the same old maxim applies — preventing evil takes Prostitutes Slavonski Brod over everything Prostitutes Slavonski Brod This huge expense and heavy burden on public budget Prostitutes Slavonski Brod not have a single positive result. Prostitutes Slavonski Brod a sad fact! Gundrum did not think that huge expenses incurred to Prostitutes Slavonski Brod state economy by some individuals were good enough a reason to Prostitutes Slavonski Brod the degenerate from the social body.

What distinguished criminals from all other degenerates, whose treatment costs could also be high, was that Prostitutes Slavonski Brod were dangerous to others. Gundrum was preoccupied by those who presented a threat to the society; financial threat to the society was not a sufficient reason — society had to be threatened by violence. One of the arguments repeatedly used by Gundrum in the debate about criminals was especially important as it reflected the complexity of his attitudes.

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Gundrum investigated the role of alcohol in crime on several occasions. We chose two discussions on the topic of alcohol, one Prostitutes Slavonski Brodtitled Alcohol-Poison, and the other fromtitled Crime and Mental Disease.

In Alcohol-Poison, Gundrum presented statistics obtained from the director of the Institute for Mentally Ill in Stenjevec for the periodwhich clearly showed that a third of mentally ill patients were classified as alcoholics.

He also used the statistics from Germany, according to which He established a hereditary link between parental alcoholism and criminality of their offspring. Gundrum mentioned three methods that could be used to solve the Prostitutes Slavonski Brod of criminality. One was deportation, which was an option for all healthy criminals. This also reflected his attitude that reformation could have been achieved after only a few generations even in those Prostitutes Slavonski Brod had already deeply sunk in the life of crime, but only if they were completely deprived of the culture that had created them.

He would work. He would have to work unless he wanted to perish; the work would sustain him, drive him Here, the pressure of reform was Prostitutes Slavonski Brod precedence over natural selection. Such a pressure could Prostitutes Slavonski Brod be created by a society, which was based on the reduction of existential pressure. A single instance that could make such a radical reform was the nature itself.

Thus, in this case, we can clearly see that Gundrum understood the deportation method in the Lamarckian context, where nature provided the conditions for inheritance of characteristics acquired over time, such as persistence and engagement.

Two more methods suggested by Gundrum were influenced by the laws passed in two American states, Ohio and Indiana. Obviously, incorrigible criminals healthy criminals were the candidates for sterilization, as well as the feebleminded sick criminals.

Such an attitude could have been justified only if Gundrum had thought that Prostitutes Slavonski Brod criminals also carried a hereditary factor for incorrigible criminality, which was highly probable given the fact that he considered morality Prostitutes Slavonski Brod be instinctive, biologically determined.

It is evident that the use of carefully chosen analogies with the police and vaccinations served the purpose of marginalizing the side-effects of the absolute power of physicians. Until now, Gundrum has been presented exclusively as a forerunner of hygienic efforts and health enlightenment in Croatia 1.

On the other hand, eugenic aspects that formed the axis of his hygienic efforts have not been analyzed.

Figure 5.

There were also clear elements of negative eugenics, upon which Gundrum partly based his concept of social protection. While he demonstrated moderation when suppression of prostitution was concerned, he completely adopted eugenic measures for the repression of criminality. Among other concerns, Gundrum analyzed the economic aspect of putting into prisons and asylums those who, due to their disease, represented a threat to the society, and believed that such a practice produced only a negative benefit.

By negative benefit he meant the exclusion of a particular group of people from the society, the act which by itself did not produce a new value or increased the benefit for the society. A positive benefit would include the process of building a society, which would bring an additional value to the society without criminals.

Even in such attitudes, we can catch glimpses of a certain divergence from the curative approach and recognize the rudiments of the idea that not only somatic, Prostitutes Slavonski Brod also social pathology, can be prevented.

It is evident that Gundrum was more interested in the safety of society as a whole and less interested in the rights of individuals. The society, if threatened by its sick members, has the right not only to protect itself, but also to do it in the cheapest way, financially and otherwise. A good example is his ambivalent attitude toward the concept of fight for survival. On Prostitutes Slavonski Brod one hand, deportation of criminals to Australia reflected the Lamarckian view that fight for survival underlies the reformation of individuals.

While the fight for survival in Australia quickly created a whole generation of normal people from the Prostitutes Slavonski Brod individuals, the same fight for survival in the cities produced quite the opposite Prostitutes Slavonski Brod. It is unclear whether Gundrum was aware Prostitutes Slavonski Brod this contradiction in his attitudes and whether he completely understood the mechanisms of the fight for survival, which had positive effects in Australia and completely opposite effects Prostitutes Slavonski Brod Western European Prostitutes Slavonski Brod.

The deportation method was in line with social Darwinism, which presupposed cancellation of all achievements of civilization that make people Prostitutes Slavonski Brod. On the other hand, sterilization was a method advocated by those who favored eugenics, who believed that civilization would be preserved if artificial selection was applied on the level of society Basically, Gundrum believed that the main criterion in choosing between two methods was feasibility.

Thus, in case of countries without colonies to deport their criminals to, the method of choice was negative eugenics sterilizationwhich Gundrum considered to be cheap and safe 27 ; otherwise, deportation should be favored.

Alcoholism as an important social trigger of criminality was still not considered a condition serious enough to declare the individuals addicted to alcohol Prostitutes Slavonski Brod a threat to the society.

Although they were capable of criminal acts, and most criminal acts were committed under the influence of alcohol, not many alcoholics actually committed a crime. Therefore, it follows that only a social threat, which could have been established with certainty only in criminals and mentally ill, could justify the use of radical methods. In addition, alcoholism was, in practical terms, such a wide Prostitutes Slavonski Brod that Gundrum did not see sterilization of alcoholics as a reasonable approach.

His concept of public health and medicine, increasingly adopted by other physicians at the time, included a strong state control and repression of the sick in order to preserve the healthy social body. Medicine was supposed to be primarily preventative rather than curative profession, including the prevention of inheriting bad characteristics. Fortune or misfortune was not reflected at an individual level, but at the level of a society, and society had to do everything it could to ensure its happiness, even if it meant removing inadequate elements from the Prostitutes Slavonski Brod body.

Of course, except for the aberrant eugenic movement, there were some very useful humanistic ideas that appeared with new Prostitutes Slavonski Brod of the role of medicine. Identifying the poor as ill paved the way for improvement of health by introducing broad social changes. National Center for Biotechnology InformationU.

Journal List Croat Med J v. Croat Med J. Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Email: rh. All rights reserved.

One Croatia n woman decided to "open up her soul " and tell a tale how she was a prostitute for 25 years. read more. Prostitutes Slavonski Brod, Skank in (HR). Phone numbers Brod Whores Slavonski Brod Such a view presented Slavonski connection to Prostitutes organicistic concept of society, which.

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and Prostitutes Slavonski Brod in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Fran Prostitutes Slavonski Brod was a Croatian physician, encyclopedist, and an advocate of medical enlightenment and healthy lifestyle.

Open in a separate window. Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Control of prostitution and protective measures Whichever of these two main causes of prostitution was crucial in individual cases, it did not mean that nothing could be done about prostitution.

Figure 5.

Discussion and conclusion Until now, Gundrum has Prostitutes Slavonski Brod presented exclusively as a forerunner of hygienic efforts Prostitutes Slavonski Brod health enlightenment in Croatia 1.

Whether it Prostitutes Slavonski Brod that a girl became a prostitute because of poor upbringing in the early childhood — in majority of cases — or because of the inherited behavioral instability — in minority of cases — neither factor alone Prostitutes Slavonski Brod have had such a strong influence, so Gundrum Prostitutes Slavonski Brod social circumstances eg, poverty to have an effect on Prostitutes Slavonski Brod factors. Gudrum believed that the degenerate were mostly the result of modern medical advances Pristitutes with ethical feeling of empathy: Prostitutes in Slavonski Brod Various problems that have been left untouched despite their far-reaching consequences Prostitutes Slavonski Brod have to be broached, in the interest of an individual as well as general public.

Gundrum mentioned three methods that could be used to solve the problem of criminality. One of the arguments repeatedly used by Gundrum in the debate about criminals was especially important as it reflected the complexity Prostitutes Slavonski Brod his attitudes.

This idea link his eventually came to fruition inand again in Slavomski, when Croatian Medical Association issued the ethical code. Yes Prostitutes Slavonski Brod Socialists especially preferred Lamarckism over Darwinism 24since they believed that a radical social change could bring about a change in human nature. This idea link his eventually came to fruition inand again in Slavomski, when Croatian Medical Association Prostitutes Slavonski Brod the Prostitutes Slavonski Brod code.

By negative benefit he meant the exclusion of Prostitutes Slavonski Brod particular group of people from the society, the act which by itself did not produce a new value or increased the benefit for the society.

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Our extensive gallery of professional female escorts is renowned for its diversity and selection of ravishing women. Croatia — In Brothel Vrsta recenzije Nije recenziran. On the other hand, sterilization was a method advocated by those who favored eugenics, who believed that civilization would be preserved if artificial selection was applied on the level of society

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